The tenth and last guru of the Sikh faith, Guru Gobind Singh was born on December 22,1666 in Patna. He was born as Gobind Rai Sodhi to the ninth Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur and his wife Mata Gujri. Guru Gobind Singh was a great warrior, a poet and a prophet. According to a legend, the birth of Gobind Rai was prophesized by Pir Bhikan shah, a fakir from thaksa village, which is now situated in Karnal district of Haryana. One day Bhikanshah. , traveled to Patna with a group of his followers to see the child. He placed two bowls of sweets before the newborn; one bowl was purchased from a Hindu's shop, and the second from a Muslim's shop, thus signifying the two major contemporary religions in India. The baby placed his hands on both the bowls, thus indicating that both Hindus and Muslims will be treated equally by him.
Gobind Rai spent the first five years of his life in Patna. As a child, he used to play war games with other children, leading mock battles.When Guru Tegh Bahadur had founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the year 1665, on the land purchased from the ruler of Bilaspur,he asked his family to come to Anandpur. Gobind Rai reached Anandpur (then known as Chakk Nanaki), on the foothills of the Sivalik Hills, in March 1672.
Gobind Rai's early education included study of Punjabi, Braj, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic languages, and training as a soldier. He had started studying Hindi and Sanskrit while at Patna. In Anandpur, he started studying Punjabi under Sahib Chand, and Persian under Qazi Pir Mohammad. A Rajput warrior was employed to train him in military skills and horse riding.
Once Early in 1675, a group of Kashmiri Brahmins, driven to desperation by the religious fanaticism of the Mughal general Iftikar khan, visited Anandpur to seek guru Tegh Bahadur's intercession. As the guru sat reflecting what to do, young Gobind Rai, arriving there in company with his playmates and remarked in his, innocent manner,” None could be worthier than yourself to make such a sacrifice,”
Then Guru Tegh Bahadur proceeded to the Mughal capital Delhi, to discuss the emperor Aurangzeb's policty towards the non-Muslims. However, he was beheaded on 11 November 1675 at Chandani Chowk, after refusing to convert to Islam. His head was put on the public square to deter the public from objecting to Aurangzeb's policies. The beheading of Guru Teg Bahadur frightened many of his disciples, some of whom even refused to acknowledge themselves as his followers, in order to avoid persecution. A disciple called Bhai Jaita (later Bhai Jivan Singh) brought Guru Tegh Bahadur's head to Anandpur, and narrated the story of fear among the Guru's followers in Delhi.
After hearing of what had happened in Delhi,Gobind Rai decided to inculcate the martial spirit among his followers. Because Guru Tegh Bahadur had ordained his son as the next guru, before his departure to Delhi.So Gobind Rai was formally installed as the Guru on the Baisakhi, on 11 November 1675. In 1699, the Guru sent hukmanamas (letters of authority) to his followers, requesting them to congregate at Anandpur on the day of Baisakhi,The guru thus established direct relationship with his Sikhs and addressed them as his khalsa, Persian term used for crown-land as distinguished from feudal chiefs. The institution of the khalsa was given concrete from on 30 march 1699 when Sikh appeared before the assembly dramatically on that day with a naked sword in hand and, to quote Koer Singh, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, spoke: “Is there present a true Sikh who would offer his head to the guru as a sacrifice?” At the third call Daya Ram, a Sobti Khatri of Lahore, arose and humbly walked behind the guru to a tent near by. The guru returned with his sword dripping blood and asked for another head. At this Daram Das, a Jatt from Hastinapur came forward and was taken inside the enclosure. Guru Gobind Singh made three more calls. Muhkam Chand, a Washerman from Dvarka, Himmat, a water-carrier from Jagannathpur, and sahib Chand, a barber from Bidar (Karnataka) responded one after another and advanced to offer their heads. All the five were led back from the tent dressed alike in saffron-coloured raiment topped over with neatly tied tubans similarly dyed, with swords dangling by their sides. Guru Gobind Singh then introduced Khande Di Pahul, i.e. initiation by sweetened water churned with a double-edged broadsword (Khanda). Those five Sikhs were the first to be initiated. Guru Gobind Singh called them Panj Piare, the five devoted spirits beloved of guru. These five, formed the nucleus of the self-abnegating, martial and casteless fellowship of the Khalsa, all of them surnamed Singh, meaning lion, were required to
wear in future the five symbols of the Khalsa, all beginning with the letter K-the Kesh to keep it tidy as against the recluses who kept it matted in taken
of their having renounced the world, Kara, a steel bracelet, Kachah, short breeches, and Kirpan, a sword. They were enjoined to succor the helpless and fight the oppressor, to have faith in one god and to consider all human being equal, irrespective of caste and creed.
Guru Gobind Singh then himself received initiatory rites from five disciples, now invested with authority as Khalsa, and had his name changed from Gobind Rai to Gobind Singh.Further injuctions were laid down for the Sikhs. They must never cut or trim their hair and beards, nor smoke Tobacco. A Sikh must not have sexual relation outside the martial bond, nor eat the flesh of an animal killed slowly in the Muslim way.
These development alarmed the caste ridden Rajput chiefs of the Sivalik hills. They rallied under the leadership of the raja of Bilaspur, in whose territory lay Anandpur, to forcibly evict Guru Gobind Singh from his hilly citadel. They at last petitioned Emperor Aurangzeb for help. In concert with contingents sent under imperial order by the governor of Lahore and those of the faujdar of Sirhind, they marched upon Anandpur and laid a siege to the fort in May 1705. Over the months, the guru and his Sikh firmly withstood their successive assaults despite dire scarcity of food resulting from the prolonged blockade. While the besieged were reduced to desperate straits, the Besiegers too were chagrined at the tenacity with which Sikh held out. At this stagy the besiegers offered, on solemn oaths of Quran, safe exit to the Sikh if they quit Anandpur.
At last, the town was evaluated during the night of 5-6 December 1705. But soon, as the guru and his Sikh came out the hill monarchs and their Mughal allies set upon them in full fury. in the ensuring confusion many Sikhs were killed and all of the guru's baggage, including most of the precious manuscripts, was lost. The guru himself was able to make his way to Chamkaur, 40 km southwest of Anandpur, with barley 40 Sikh and his two elder sons, Ajit Singh (b. 1687) and Jujhar Singh (b. 1691) and all but five of the Sikhs fell in the action that took place on 7 December 1705. The five surviving Sikhs babe the guru to save himself in order to reconsolidate the Khalsa. Guru Gobind Singh with three of his Sikhs. Escaped into the wilderness of the Malva, two of his Muslim devotees, Ganj Kahn and Nabi Kahn, helping him at great personal risk. Guru Gobind Singh's two younger sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, and his mother, Mata Gujari, were after the evacuation of Anandpur betrayed by their old servant and escort, Gangu, to the Faujdar of Sirhind, who had the young children executed on 13 December 1705. Grandmother died the same day. Befriended by another Muslim admirer, Rai kalha of Raikot, Guru Gobind Singh reached Dina in the heart warriors of the Brar clan, and also composed his famous letter, Zafarnamah or the Epistle of Victory, in Persian verse, addressed to emperor Aurangzeb. The letter was a server indictment of the emperor and his commanders who had perjured their oath and treacherously attached him once he was outside the safety of his fortification at Anandpur. It emphatically reiterated the sovereignty of morality in the affairs of state as much as in the conduct of human beings and held the means as important as the end.
In response to the Guru's zafarnamah, Aurangazeb expressed his wish for a personal meeting with the Guru. The Guru left for Deccan in October 1706 to meet Aurangzeb. He passed through what is now Rajasthan. On his way to Ahemdnagar, where the Emperor was encamped. He received the news of Aurangzeb's death in March 1707, and decided to return to Punjab, via shahjahanabad.
After the emperor's death, a war of succession broke out between his sons. The third son. Mohammad (later Emperor Bahadur shah) set out from Peshawar to claim the throne. The Guru's follower Bhai Nand Lal (who had earlier served in the Muazzam's court) brought him a letter written by Muazzam. Muazzam had sought Guru's help in securing the throne, and promises to pursue a policy of religion tolerance towards the non-Muslim. The Guru sent a band of his followers under the command of Bhai Dharma Singh, to help Muazzam. Mauzzam's force defeated Azam shah's forces in the battle of Jajau on 12 June 1707.Muazzam ascended the throne as Bahadur shah. He invited Guru Gobind singh for meeting, which took place at Agra on 23 July 1707. The Guru was received with honour and was given the title of 'Hind Ka Pir'. Nawab Wazir khan of Sirhind had felt concerned at the Emperor's conciliatory treatment of Guru Gobind singh. Their marching together to the south made him jealous, and he charged two of his trusted men with murdering the Guru before his increasing friendship with Emperor resulting in any harm to him. These two pathans Jamshed khan and wasil beg are the names given in the Guru Kian Sakhian pursued the Guru secretly and overtook him at Nanded, where, according to Sri Gur Sobha by Senapati, a contemporary writer, one of them stabbed the Guru in the left side below the heart as he lay one evening in his chamber resting after the Rahras prayer. Before he could deal another blow, Guru Gobind singh struck him down with his sword, while his fleeing companion fell under the sword of Sikhs who rushed in on hearing the noise. As the news reached Bahadur shah's camp, he sent expert surgeons, including an Englishman, Cole by name, to attend on the Guru. The wound was stitched and appeared to have healed quickly but, as the Guru one day applied strength to pull a stiff bow, it broke out again and bled profusely. This weakened the Guru beyond cure and he passed away on 7th October 1708.
It was only Guru Gobind Singh who declared the Guru Granth Sahib as his successor. Today all the Sikh and non-Sikh Indians, bow their head, in obeisance at the consecration of Guru Granth Sahibji Maharaj as the last guru of the community. In short, Guru Gobind Singh launched a crusade against injustice. Oppression, intolerance, communalism, casteism, and declared the profundity of the Fundamental Truth, which was to see the lord's benediction in all things. He fostered the sprit of service, sacrifice, character building and moral virtues. He preached strict conjugal fidelity and he built a whole nation in India that knew not any conclusion other than VICTORY, were fearless and undaunted and morally strong and quietly courageous.
Gobind Rai spent the first five years of his life in Patna. As a child, he used to play war games with other children, leading mock battles.When Guru Tegh Bahadur had founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the year 1665, on the land purchased from the ruler of Bilaspur,he asked his family to come to Anandpur. Gobind Rai reached Anandpur (then known as Chakk Nanaki), on the foothills of the Sivalik Hills, in March 1672.
Gobind Rai's early education included study of Punjabi, Braj, Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic languages, and training as a soldier. He had started studying Hindi and Sanskrit while at Patna. In Anandpur, he started studying Punjabi under Sahib Chand, and Persian under Qazi Pir Mohammad. A Rajput warrior was employed to train him in military skills and horse riding.
Once Early in 1675, a group of Kashmiri Brahmins, driven to desperation by the religious fanaticism of the Mughal general Iftikar khan, visited Anandpur to seek guru Tegh Bahadur's intercession. As the guru sat reflecting what to do, young Gobind Rai, arriving there in company with his playmates and remarked in his, innocent manner,” None could be worthier than yourself to make such a sacrifice,”
Then Guru Tegh Bahadur proceeded to the Mughal capital Delhi, to discuss the emperor Aurangzeb's policty towards the non-Muslims. However, he was beheaded on 11 November 1675 at Chandani Chowk, after refusing to convert to Islam. His head was put on the public square to deter the public from objecting to Aurangzeb's policies. The beheading of Guru Teg Bahadur frightened many of his disciples, some of whom even refused to acknowledge themselves as his followers, in order to avoid persecution. A disciple called Bhai Jaita (later Bhai Jivan Singh) brought Guru Tegh Bahadur's head to Anandpur, and narrated the story of fear among the Guru's followers in Delhi.
After hearing of what had happened in Delhi,Gobind Rai decided to inculcate the martial spirit among his followers. Because Guru Tegh Bahadur had ordained his son as the next guru, before his departure to Delhi.So Gobind Rai was formally installed as the Guru on the Baisakhi, on 11 November 1675. In 1699, the Guru sent hukmanamas (letters of authority) to his followers, requesting them to congregate at Anandpur on the day of Baisakhi,The guru thus established direct relationship with his Sikhs and addressed them as his khalsa, Persian term used for crown-land as distinguished from feudal chiefs. The institution of the khalsa was given concrete from on 30 march 1699 when Sikh appeared before the assembly dramatically on that day with a naked sword in hand and, to quote Koer Singh, Gurbilas Patshahi 10, spoke: “Is there present a true Sikh who would offer his head to the guru as a sacrifice?” At the third call Daya Ram, a Sobti Khatri of Lahore, arose and humbly walked behind the guru to a tent near by. The guru returned with his sword dripping blood and asked for another head. At this Daram Das, a Jatt from Hastinapur came forward and was taken inside the enclosure. Guru Gobind Singh made three more calls. Muhkam Chand, a Washerman from Dvarka, Himmat, a water-carrier from Jagannathpur, and sahib Chand, a barber from Bidar (Karnataka) responded one after another and advanced to offer their heads. All the five were led back from the tent dressed alike in saffron-coloured raiment topped over with neatly tied tubans similarly dyed, with swords dangling by their sides. Guru Gobind Singh then introduced Khande Di Pahul, i.e. initiation by sweetened water churned with a double-edged broadsword (Khanda). Those five Sikhs were the first to be initiated. Guru Gobind Singh called them Panj Piare, the five devoted spirits beloved of guru. These five, formed the nucleus of the self-abnegating, martial and casteless fellowship of the Khalsa, all of them surnamed Singh, meaning lion, were required to
wear in future the five symbols of the Khalsa, all beginning with the letter K-the Kesh to keep it tidy as against the recluses who kept it matted in taken
of their having renounced the world, Kara, a steel bracelet, Kachah, short breeches, and Kirpan, a sword. They were enjoined to succor the helpless and fight the oppressor, to have faith in one god and to consider all human being equal, irrespective of caste and creed.
Guru Gobind Singh then himself received initiatory rites from five disciples, now invested with authority as Khalsa, and had his name changed from Gobind Rai to Gobind Singh.Further injuctions were laid down for the Sikhs. They must never cut or trim their hair and beards, nor smoke Tobacco. A Sikh must not have sexual relation outside the martial bond, nor eat the flesh of an animal killed slowly in the Muslim way.
These development alarmed the caste ridden Rajput chiefs of the Sivalik hills. They rallied under the leadership of the raja of Bilaspur, in whose territory lay Anandpur, to forcibly evict Guru Gobind Singh from his hilly citadel. They at last petitioned Emperor Aurangzeb for help. In concert with contingents sent under imperial order by the governor of Lahore and those of the faujdar of Sirhind, they marched upon Anandpur and laid a siege to the fort in May 1705. Over the months, the guru and his Sikh firmly withstood their successive assaults despite dire scarcity of food resulting from the prolonged blockade. While the besieged were reduced to desperate straits, the Besiegers too were chagrined at the tenacity with which Sikh held out. At this stagy the besiegers offered, on solemn oaths of Quran, safe exit to the Sikh if they quit Anandpur.
At last, the town was evaluated during the night of 5-6 December 1705. But soon, as the guru and his Sikh came out the hill monarchs and their Mughal allies set upon them in full fury. in the ensuring confusion many Sikhs were killed and all of the guru's baggage, including most of the precious manuscripts, was lost. The guru himself was able to make his way to Chamkaur, 40 km southwest of Anandpur, with barley 40 Sikh and his two elder sons, Ajit Singh (b. 1687) and Jujhar Singh (b. 1691) and all but five of the Sikhs fell in the action that took place on 7 December 1705. The five surviving Sikhs babe the guru to save himself in order to reconsolidate the Khalsa. Guru Gobind Singh with three of his Sikhs. Escaped into the wilderness of the Malva, two of his Muslim devotees, Ganj Kahn and Nabi Kahn, helping him at great personal risk. Guru Gobind Singh's two younger sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, and his mother, Mata Gujari, were after the evacuation of Anandpur betrayed by their old servant and escort, Gangu, to the Faujdar of Sirhind, who had the young children executed on 13 December 1705. Grandmother died the same day. Befriended by another Muslim admirer, Rai kalha of Raikot, Guru Gobind Singh reached Dina in the heart warriors of the Brar clan, and also composed his famous letter, Zafarnamah or the Epistle of Victory, in Persian verse, addressed to emperor Aurangzeb. The letter was a server indictment of the emperor and his commanders who had perjured their oath and treacherously attached him once he was outside the safety of his fortification at Anandpur. It emphatically reiterated the sovereignty of morality in the affairs of state as much as in the conduct of human beings and held the means as important as the end.
In response to the Guru's zafarnamah, Aurangazeb expressed his wish for a personal meeting with the Guru. The Guru left for Deccan in October 1706 to meet Aurangzeb. He passed through what is now Rajasthan. On his way to Ahemdnagar, where the Emperor was encamped. He received the news of Aurangzeb's death in March 1707, and decided to return to Punjab, via shahjahanabad.
After the emperor's death, a war of succession broke out between his sons. The third son. Mohammad (later Emperor Bahadur shah) set out from Peshawar to claim the throne. The Guru's follower Bhai Nand Lal (who had earlier served in the Muazzam's court) brought him a letter written by Muazzam. Muazzam had sought Guru's help in securing the throne, and promises to pursue a policy of religion tolerance towards the non-Muslim. The Guru sent a band of his followers under the command of Bhai Dharma Singh, to help Muazzam. Mauzzam's force defeated Azam shah's forces in the battle of Jajau on 12 June 1707.Muazzam ascended the throne as Bahadur shah. He invited Guru Gobind singh for meeting, which took place at Agra on 23 July 1707. The Guru was received with honour and was given the title of 'Hind Ka Pir'. Nawab Wazir khan of Sirhind had felt concerned at the Emperor's conciliatory treatment of Guru Gobind singh. Their marching together to the south made him jealous, and he charged two of his trusted men with murdering the Guru before his increasing friendship with Emperor resulting in any harm to him. These two pathans Jamshed khan and wasil beg are the names given in the Guru Kian Sakhian pursued the Guru secretly and overtook him at Nanded, where, according to Sri Gur Sobha by Senapati, a contemporary writer, one of them stabbed the Guru in the left side below the heart as he lay one evening in his chamber resting after the Rahras prayer. Before he could deal another blow, Guru Gobind singh struck him down with his sword, while his fleeing companion fell under the sword of Sikhs who rushed in on hearing the noise. As the news reached Bahadur shah's camp, he sent expert surgeons, including an Englishman, Cole by name, to attend on the Guru. The wound was stitched and appeared to have healed quickly but, as the Guru one day applied strength to pull a stiff bow, it broke out again and bled profusely. This weakened the Guru beyond cure and he passed away on 7th October 1708.
It was only Guru Gobind Singh who declared the Guru Granth Sahib as his successor. Today all the Sikh and non-Sikh Indians, bow their head, in obeisance at the consecration of Guru Granth Sahibji Maharaj as the last guru of the community. In short, Guru Gobind Singh launched a crusade against injustice. Oppression, intolerance, communalism, casteism, and declared the profundity of the Fundamental Truth, which was to see the lord's benediction in all things. He fostered the sprit of service, sacrifice, character building and moral virtues. He preached strict conjugal fidelity and he built a whole nation in India that knew not any conclusion other than VICTORY, were fearless and undaunted and morally strong and quietly courageous.
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